Gender Communication Essay

The concept of gender is often poorly differentiated with sex, at times even being utilized synonymously with sex. The terminology gender commonly appears within both popular and academic discourses regarding social event dynamics. However, regardless of the form in which the term appears, authors seldom specify what they imply by the terminology. It is widely assumed that readers and listeners already comprehend the connotation and hence explanation is ruled out as being unnecessary. The sex/gender disparity embodies some feminists’ attempts at breaking the link between the organic sex category and the social gender category. As per this social molding viewpoint, gender refers to the customary sense which ultimately becomes dependently linked to the body. When gender becomes understood to be culturally molded, it becomes likely to evade the essentialist notion which suggests that gender emanates for the organic body (Clancy, 2004). However, despite the fact that the disparity between culturally molded gender responsibilities and ahistorical organic sexes attacks the idea that females’ organic configuration make up their social fate, it encounters some difficult dissociation of culturally-derived genders out of sexed bodies. Women and men exhibit dissimilar but similarly valid communication styles. The speaking modes displayed by both women and men have gender differentials. Essentialism belief holds that, since biological disparities between men and women exist, men and women are obviously dissimilar with regard to personality and character. Strict organic essentialism proposes that ones gender construction is not influenced by nurture. Essentialists assume men to be aggressive, strong, violent, logical, brave, lustful, independent and disciplined. Conversely, women are viewed as being passive, weak, cowardly, gentle, emotional, having no sexual appeal, having no stamina and self-control plus extremely invested in their associations with other persons. Aristotle suggested that men are more courageous, virtuous and noble as compared to women. The 1900s saw philosophers like John Locke and Emmanuel Kant argue that the social separation of female and male gender is reasonable owing to the innate disparities between female and male bodies. Scientist in the 1900s studied studies on female and male bodies and proposed that since male craniums were bigger in comparison to female craniums and feminine pelvises proved bigger than masculine pelvises, males are more suited for business, politics and general community life, whereas females whose little craniums supposedly signified lesser intellect, were most suitable to child bearing and home tending (http://www. humboldt. edu/~mpw1/gender_theory/perspectives4. shtml). The ramifications of essentialist gender perspectives are extensive. Conventional gender responsibilities are somewhat based upon some fundamental organic determinism; a viewpoint that views biology as being destiny. Consequently, females have had the principal responsibility of housework and parenting, with men being the wage earners. Even presently, males outnumber females in government and business and women and girls are not as powerfully urged to practice occupations in science, technology and math as are men and boys. Essentialists hold that gender is the same as sex, or that the two concepts are naturally-derived (God-given) and indivisible. Gender and observable sex indicators, such as, vagina and penis are inseparable. This theory holds that merely two gender types exist from birth and they are not altered throughout life. No continuum exists between these two genders since any appearances or behaviors not coherent with such suppositions are considered as being perverse. Essentialism holds that females are dissimilar with men owing to their anatomy, particularly their minor sex traits, hormones plus reproductive structures. Gender disparities in verbal capability and visuo-spatial, aggression plus other actions, as well as other mental and physical characteristics are attributed to pubertal or prenatal hormone contact. Essentialist stances may exist within developmental psychobiological, sociological, neuropsychological and ethological work. Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) female and male brain picture Disparities or other mental aspects, for instance, are at times regarded as mirroring inborn disparities. Gender disparities in spatial, verbal and Mathematical capabilities are usually regarded as being organically based (http://www. humboldt. edu/~mpw1/gender_theory/perspectives4. shtml). Constructivists hold that gender as well as sex are derived from social relations and do not exist without social contact. It admits social influences upon persons’ gender. It assumes that manhood or womanhood implies endorsing some general function unique to an individual’s sex. Personal uniqueness, sexual inclination, as well as modes of socially interacting is determined by some set of individual constructs. This implies that gender and sex do not have natural foundations because nature itself is essentially socially defined. The constructivist quality of Gender and sex is rendered invisible through typical social life dynamics and this makes the two notions seem natural as opposed to artificial (Gergen, 2007). Persons construct fresh knowledge, through assimilation and accommodation processes, out of the experiences they undergo. Assimilation involves integrating fresh experiences into previously existent frameworks with no alteration of such frameworks. Such events could happen when person’s experiences reflect their inner world representations; however, they may as well happen whenever alteration of some defective understanding happens, for instance persons may fail to detect events, could misinterpret others input, or could conclude that some occurrence is offer some unimportant information regarding the world. On the contrary, whenever persons’ experiences disagree with their inner representations, they could alter their viewpoints of such experiences with a view to conforming to their inner representations. Accommodation involves restructuring ones intellectual outside world interpretation to suit fresh experiences (Glasser, Smith, 2008). It is the means though which learning emanates from failure. When persons act based on the anticipation that the world functions in some specific way only for such expectations to be violated, such individuals usually fail. However, through accommodating such fresh experience as well as restructuring their model regarding the functioning of the world, persons learn through experiencing disappointment or the failure of others. . Constructivists suggest that gender representations systematize an individual’s personality uniqueness, social awareness and interpersonal actions. The notion of classifying as either female or male is the vital initial action in the classification of human beings following birth, and owing to contemporary technological advances, even some months prior to birth. Sexual inclination; whether bisexual, homosexual or heterosexual, at puberty it too viewed as a vital gender representation element that is vital to interpersonal actions and societal lives (Rosser, 2003). Men interact with the world as persons within hierarchical communal order whereby they are either placed down or up. Conversations in Such worlds comprise of negotiations whereby persons attempt to attain and uphold the dominant position when they can, as well as shield themselves from the attempts of others to shove them about and drag them down. Life, in such circumstances comprises of some contest or efforts to uphold autonomy and evade failure. Women approach the world as individual within some system of linkages. Ni such a world, dialogues comprise of consultations for intimacy whereby persons attempt to look for and offer support and confirmation, as well as to arrive at a consensus. Persons attempt to shield themselves from the attempts of others to drive them farther. Therefore, life consists of some community and efforts to uphold intimacy as well as evade segregation. Despite the fact that hierarchies exists in such world too, such hierarchies are associated more with friendship as opposed to accomplishment and power (http://openlearn. open. ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=166569). Females too are inclined towards attaining status as well as evading failure, however, such objectives do not occupy all of their time, and women seem to seek for such goals while disguised as maintaining connection. Men too are inclined to attaining participation as well as evading segregation, however, they do not focus on such objectives; they seem to seek for them while disguised ads opposing them. Thus, Women and men seek entirely different entities during communication, and they as well functions as per varied rules. Men’s self-worth originates form the capacity to attain outcomes; whereas women’s self-esteem originates form her sensations as well as the fineness of their relationships. Therefore, women fair better in personal contact and communication; communication has primary significance (Armstrong, 2006). For womenfolk, relationships take precedence over technology and work. Individual expression, particularly regarding their emotions, is extremely crucial. Sharing of personal emotions has greater significance than attaining goals as well as success. Interpersonal contact and talk grants tremendous satisfaction. References Armstrong, A. (2006). Foucault and feminism. Retrieved on 25th May 2009 from . Clancy. (August 7th 2004). Essentialism: draft of 3W encyclopedia entry. Culturecat. Retrieved on May 25, 2009 from . Gergen, M. (2007). Positioning in general relations: from constructivism to constructionism. Retrieved on May 25, 2009 form . Glasser, H. M & Smith III, J. P (June 30th 2008). On the vague meaning of â€Å"gender† in education research: the problem, its source, and recommendations for practice. . Humbolt edu. Perspective used to look at gender. Retrieved on May 25, 2009

Ib 150 Exam 1

1. Understand what is the same about all life, and what makes life diverse A. List the five characteristics all organisms on Earth share * The five characteristics all organisms share is: information, replication, evolution, cells, and energy (cerie) B.Explain why the first four are required for life * Cells allow things to go in and out of the organism (allows diffusion to happen so good things go in and bad things go out) * Energy is required because it allows most functions and reactions to happen in the organism * Information: so your cells know what to do next( aka the things happening in your brain need information to learn) * Replication: everything an organism does revolves around trying to replicate itself(meiosis) C. Differentiate heterotrophs and autotrophs 1. Heterotrophs: need to obtain energy from an outside source 2.Autotrophs: create energy and food for themselves Some reactions are exothermic because their PEreactants is Higher than PEproducts 2. Understand that ener gy to sustain life is derived from chemical potential energyy * LOCS D. Relate the distance of electrons from their protons to the concept of chemical potential energy * The further electrons are from their protons, the more PE they have (PE is stored energy, so the distance is increased and is further meaning it’ll have more want to go closer to the oppositely attacted nucleus) E.Define exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions * Exergonic reactions: happen spontaneously (don’t need any source of energy to happen) Endergonic need energy from the outside to create the reaction heat has been released to the environment> ReactantsPE greter than PEproducts(PE dropped so Exergoinic) The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction. Acquire Energy=Endergonic Rxn†¦Pi is transferred to a phosphate group F.Classify the hydrolosis of ATP as either endergonic or exergonic * Hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic (energy is released) the ATP outermost ph osphate groups is broken†¦energy is created G. Classify the the phosphorylation of a substrate by ATP as either endergonic or exergonic.. phosphorlyation is exergonic because the electrons in ADP and the Pi have so much less PE than they did in the ATP.. phospholyation is the addition of a phosphate group to s substeate†¦it adds negative charge to a protein the electrons in the protein change configuration (the molecules overall shape) H.Use the First Law of Thermodynamics to explain how chemical reactions transfer energy from one molecule to another†¦first law states that energy is neither created nor destroy†¦it just means that PE will change from KE and KE will turn into thermal, sound, or light energy, the energies are just changing * HOCS A. Predict whether reactions are exergonic or endergonic given information on the potential energy of reactants and products PE of reactants higher: PE drops: Exergonic†¦PE of products higher, then PE increases, and it s endergonic B.Use the concepts of exergonic and endergonic reactions to explain how ATP does work in the cell via phosphorylation. 1. The addition of aphosphate group to a substrate: exergonic: electrons in ADP and phosphate group has much less PE than in ATP (meaning the ADP Pi are the products.. products will have less PE than the reactants.. PE drops).. When phosphorylated, the Energy is a product†¦The phosphorylated by ATP means that the exergonic because there was a drop in PE, DeltaG (or free energy thing) is negative 1.Understand the importance of cellular respiration to (almost all) life on Earth * LOCS A. List (separately) the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration. Inputs of Cell Respiration: Outputs of CR: B. Recall that nearly all life on Earth conducts cellular respiration C. Differentiate and relate the roles of glucose and ATP in cellular respiration D. Describe the role of cellular respiration in the transfer of energy from glucose to work done in the cell E. Differentiate aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration Anaerobic doesn’t require O2, Aerobic requires O2 * HOCS A.Justify why some organisms would use aerobic cellular respiration and others would use anaerobic cellular respiration Some organisms find it diffult to acquire O2: at the bottom of the ocean, etc B. Justify why most life on Earth uses aerobic cellular respiration, instead of anaerobic cellular respiration Most life is near oxygen, they can acquire it mostly a lot of the time 1. Understand the importance of photosynthesis to (almost all) life on Earth * LOCS A. *** changed 8/28 *** List (separately) the inputs and outputs of the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis Inputs of LCR:Outputs of LCR: B. *** changed 8/28 *** List (separately) the inputs and outputs of the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis Inputs Calvin Cycle: Outputs CC: C. Relate the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis to those of cellular respiration The inputs of photosyn are the outputs of C R D. Define, identify on a diagram, and relate chloroplasts, thylakoids, and stroma Thylakoids are fluid filled sacs where the photosynthesis occurs in cells Stroma: is the surrounding membrane of the chloroplastsChloroplasts are found in plants in which they absorb the light rays E. *** changed 8/28 *** Associate the light-capturing reactions and Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis with these structures F. Compare, contrast, and relate the functions of chlorophyll and carotenoids G. Use the concept of chemical potential energy to summarize why chlorophyll absorbs the wavelengths of light it does. Chem PE. H. Define carbon fixation I. Generalize the influence of photosynthesis on oxygen levels in Earth’s atmosphere.. Increased O2 levels J.Generalize the influence of carbon fixation on carbon dioxide levels in Earth’s atmosphere K. Paraphrase the three potential fates of the excited electron produced when a photon meets a chlorophyll molecule L. Relate the functions of the a ntenna complex and the reaction center in a chloroplast * HOCS A. *** changed 8/28 *** For each input of photosynthesis, predict the effect on both the light-capturing reactions and Calvin Cycle if that one input is limited. B. Illustrate the flow of energy from solar energy, to glucose, to ATP, to work done in the cell. . Understand the importance of diffusion to cellular metabolism and the how it constraints the evolution of cell/body size and shape * LOCS A. Define diffusion B. Predict (in a general sense) the net direction in which dissolved molecules will move given information about their concentration C. Define each of the terms of Fick’s Law of Diffusion D. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for simple shapes, when presented with equations to calculate surface area and volume E.Assess the surface area to volume ratios of different shapes relative to one another, given information about their volume or mass F. Predict (in a general sense) changes in the rate of diffusion given changes in the various parameters of Fick’s Law of Diffusion G. When provided with equations for the surface area and volume of a shape, use them to explain why the SA:V of a small shape is greater than that of the same shape at a larger size. * HOCS A.Justify why the net movement of a group of molecules along a concentration gradient due to diffusion can be caused by the random movement of individual molecules B. *** added 9/2 *** Use the concepts of surface area and volume to relate 1) the ability to acquire reactants for cellular respiration and 2) the amount of those reactants required to a single celled organism's size Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (O2 is a by product) along with sugar

Aspects Of Database Security Information Technology Essay

Aspects Of Database Security Information Technology Essay Many native methods of providing Database security have also been discussed along with a survey of database threats issues and its remedies. Mechanisms are discussed that propose strengthening the database security. It seems desirable to get an understanding of the complete set of security problems faced and their problems up-to-date to devise better methodologies for database security issues. The research study regarding Database Security is organized as follows: Section 1 highlights the native methods of Database Security which have been employed. Section 2 describes the threats faced by databases and Section 3 discusses varies proposed remedies to the Database security issues. Improper safeguarding of data might compromise database confidentiality, its availability and integrity. In order to prevent this, it is very important to form a comprehensive ‘database security’ concept [term paper link]. Importance of Data The security of data has always been an issue, but wi th the increase of applications relying more on databases to store that information, the threats to the security have increased manifold. Security of data is a crucial issue today then ever and the importance of it is clearly understood as well. The three main objectives of Database security include Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability [1]. The databases have to be secured in any case since they contain bulk amount of data both confidential and public. The loss of integrity of data can not only have disastrous affect for a specific user, but the reputation of the whole organization comes at stake. Methods to perturb original data and are required in which data is converted to some anonymous form, in cases where the privacy of data itself is of utmost importance. Anonymization in that case is carried out in such a way that the original data integrity and its relationships are maintained while the data is perturbed for analysis. Threats to Database Databases today face a growin g risk of threats and vulnerabilities. Security breaches are typically categorized as unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification, and data unavailability. Unauthorized data observation results in the disclosure of information to users not entitled to gain access to such information [2]. In case of unauthorized data observation, the data is seen by users for whom that data in not intended. For incorrect data modifications, once the data in the databases is modified, its integrity is lost and then the proper usage of data cannot be carried out. The true information is not available when it is needed. Countermeasures to Threats Some countermeasures that can be employed are outlined below: – Access Controls (can be Discretionary or Mandatory) – Authorization (granting legitimate access rights) – Authentication (determining whether a user is who they claim to be)ÂÂ   – Backup – Journaling (maintaining a log file – enables eas y recovery of changes) – Encryption (encoding data using an encryption algorithm) – RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks – protects against data loss due to disk failure)ÂÂ   – Polyinstantiation (data objects that appear to have different values to users with different access rights / clearance)ÂÂ   – Views (virtual relations which can limit the data viewable by certain users) [3]. Security Solutions for Databases

Statistical critique Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical critique - Statistics Project Example The use of time use surveys as a statistical tool in this kind of research was very appropriate since time expenditure is a good indicator of work intensity and therefore allowed the researcher to effectively investigate the human activities and behavioral patterns. Programme) provided the author with the best national data set regarding time use. There is however a serious concern regarding the use of statistical observations that were recorded prior to 1970s particularly in countries that were once part of the former Soviet Union. This is primarily because most of these countries had not developed elaborate family policies until after 1970s. Another potential limitation of using MTUS in the research was the fact that the scale used is not sufficiently precise to accurately measure the time spent on particular tasks since it only record data on a range of between 55% and 95%. Page 1492, first paragraph under â€Å"Measures†: the researcher chose to only use the heavily performed tasks such as housework and cooking time as the dependable variables during statistical analysis of the data in the study. The significance of the author’s choice of variables was based on the fact that they were universally performed in all the countries under the survey and were generally gender specialized. The other statistical variables such as child care time were considered to be less significant as compared to housework and cooking time. The author primarily focused on the major domestic chores that are in some areas regarded as female household chores. Although this was fairly appropriate, the researcher should have made a clear distinction between the daily chores and the other non daily routines to ensure the accuracy of the statistics. Additionally it would also be appropriate if the researcher highlighted some of the distinctions between high schedule tasks

Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Archaeology - Essay Example The white conquers spreading of disease and war is thought to have driven the royal family and servants from Machu Picchu. This is a fascinating subject that can be researched with pleasure. Machu Picchu is an abandoned Inca site. Although it is thought that Hiram Bingham (2004) â€Å"discovered† the city, a few others had been there before (219). MacQuarrie (2008) reports Bingham found the engravings of â€Å"M. Eugene de Sartiges, 1834†, â€Å"Jose Maria Tejada, Marcelino Leon, 1834†, â€Å"Jose Benigo Samnez, Juan Manual Rivas Plata, Mariana Cisneros, 1861†, and â€Å"Pio Mogrovejo, July 4, 1885† (384). Bingham was the first to bring attention to the city. Machu Picchu is located between the ridges of Machu Picchu (hence the name) and Pisac in the South American country, Peru according to D’Altroy (2003:127). The find of an intact abandoned Inca site was a major discovery for archeology and architectural studies. Machu Picchu allowed for the study of the Inca way of life and architectural ways. Bingham according to Burger and Salazar (2008) removed artifacts from the site to examine at Yale University (2). Machu Picchu has been explored by many more scientists and tourists since Bingham’s discovery in 1911 of the site D’Altroy (2003) (21). The majestic Inca site has been an uncovered jewel ever since. The Incas were a South American people before the Spanish conquest. D’Altroy (2003) explains Incas did not have a written language, but did have an oral history that has passed traditions down through the generations (121). Without the oral traditions, little or no knowledge might have been known about the Incas. The Spanish records after the Spanish expedition into also provide an insight into the Inca way of life, but only from an invader’s perspective Burger and Salazar 2005:2). Incas did share their oral traditions with the Spanish, but

Welfare Distrubution in the United States of America Research Paper

Welfare Distrubution in the United States of America - Research Paper Example Education, health or certain other forms of insurance may reduce economic uncertainty. Education and health augment the value of an individual, thus making the population more capable to deal with the economic uncertainty caused by various factors, including the prevailing market conditions. Population may also become more secured through the insurances in health and social issues which precisely cut down the financial costs of uncertainty. (Garfinkel, Rainwater & Smeeding, 2). The welfare state in the United States of America is considered as an â€Å"under achiever†.  It can be acknowledged from the past data that the social programs initiated by the USA came into exercise much later than several other nations. Currently several important parts of the American welfare state can be considered as inadequately developed, or many essential measures are missing in the system. The United States seems to make lesser expenditure on social programs in comparison to many other democ racies. Also, the rates of poverty and inequality are much higher in the United States (Howard, 1).  The United States can be recognized as a territory of prospects or opportunities.   However, that also does not imply equality. Nathan Glazer, a professor of sociology and education at the Harvard University, in his argument, commented on United States as the most imbalanced amongst other inexpensively developed countries.   According to statistical data, it can be realized that the United States in comparison to other countries like Europe, redistributes considerably less social benefits.   Such less redistribution are the consequences of greater inequality in income obtained before tax and an indistinct income distribution in the United States. Although the United States is conventional in its political principles, yet it can often be recognized with moderate courses of action in welfare, thus the country clearly representing uniqueness and nonjudgmental processes. (Brunson ).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report is mainly prepared to focus on providing arguments against the distribution of welfare in the United States. There are many views in support of the welfare system in the USA, which reflect that the welfare system in the USA increases economic growth, productivity, and efficiency of the country. (Garfinkel, Rainwater & Smeeding, 1). However this report would bring out certain aspects, which would clearly indicate that the welfare distribution in the United States of America has many negative impacts as well, which are backed by evidences and arguments. The studies and researches previously done on the concerned topic would be taken into consideration and other sources on the welfare distribution in the USA and its effects as provided by different authors would be utilized as sources. The report would bring out the impacts of the present system of welfare distribution prevailing in the United States, thereby providing arguments against the system , and reflecting upon the negative effects of the current system.    Arguments against the Welfare Distribution in the USA:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government of the United States strictly lacks a widespread and productive welfare system.   On the other hand, the alternative governmental programs seem to be better than the welfare system to a greater extent.     For instance, in the year 1999, a family of three had received remunerations of $164 per month from the welfare services, while the allowance for food stamp for the same family was at $329 per month. Thus, it was economically more rational to take food stamps provided by the alternative government measures instead of receiving welfare benefits.   In the present scenario, food stamps and government housing are

Marketing case study (analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing case study (analysis) - Essay Example If I were Mrs. Mead, what should I do? Can my thoughts and opinion prevail over my salespeople’s views of market strategy which is only to deal with customers when they ask questions? The first question that I need to ask is: do I need to change employees and the sales force of my business? The answer to this is yes and no. Yes, because we really have to look on the quality of people that we can have in our business, aside from the quantity. In the case of Mrs. Mead’s business establishment, it seems there needs some realignment. Some managerial position has to be filled in. She doesn’t need to be an all-around manager-owner of the store. She can hire another qualified manager or supervisor, or can choose from among her trusted employees. Firth (2002) discusses in his book the subjects of â€Å"life and work† and organizational change. He cites Daryl R. Coner, considered one of the leading authorities on the subject of organization change and who has taken his learning to the boardrooms of such giants as Mobil Oil, JC Penney, Pepsico-Cola, Levi-Strauss and AT, and consulted organizations and governments. He recommends Coner’s â€Å"stance is to demystify the uncertainties of the human change with clear processes and vivid concepts† (Firth 74). Let us consider Mrs. Mead’s store as a business that needs organizational change. She could be missing some of the basics of organizational change. Her people need motivations and a change of attitude towards work and the organization they belong. To analyze more of Mrs. Mead’s situation, her store is located on the outskirts of the city. Why should this be in the outskirts? This means that the establishment is not strategically located. She must find a good location for her store where she can display the best of her products. And then the question: Why is Mrs. Mead targeting only the blue collar workers market? Can she not upgrade or change to some higher stratum like the white collar

Print Ad Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Print Ad Analysis - Essay Example The advertisement I have chosen is just like that- it depicts a company of three friends driving a cabriolet in some desert like area and having fun. They are screaming, shouting, and singing drunk with new possibilities. I have noticed that the whole advertisement presupposes motion as all the people on the image are moving. A young boy in his twenties is evidently spending time with his two friends in a trip to the ocean. The advertisement can be interpreted as a call to adventures and taking risks because youth is what usually pushes people to try something new all the time. The motto of the whole Levi`s campaign is â€Å"I will not sit at home collecting dust† and by this slogan the brand explains that it creates roadwear –the clothes perfect for movement and ready for any challenges like getting dirt ad washing. If we recall that jeans were initially invented as the trousers for cowboys so they had to be extremely long lasting, than it is getting clear why Levi`s has chosen such style. The time when men were riding wild young horses and felt adrenalin in their blood has passed. Today many young people prefer the comfort of their bedrooms to real adventures. That is why Levi`s creat ing the advertisement which visually appeals to movement, changes, and challenges wants to recall young people what they were made for. Another noticeable element of the advertisement is the spirit of friendship. There are two boys and one girl in the car and they are literally on the same wave of future adventures. Levi`s emphasizes this team spirit on all images of their campaign- people ready to share time and emotions together, ready to have joy and support each other in critical situations. What stops most of us from going on a long trip around the country? The absence of a good company mostly. And Levi`s tries to show that it is rather easy to find those who will be there for you especially is your share common tastes in fashion. Therefore,

Market Invironment Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Invironment Project - Essay Example The R+D ensures that restaurant always offer top quality products and varied, popular flavors to its customers. The restaurant uses the innovative concept of â€Å"speed scratch cuisine†, for noticing the public on the means of obtaining faster services from their store. Preparation of products and services in Montaditos is in the presence of diners, who provide ranging natural ingredients where numerous products can be selected to create their favorite Montaditos. The restaurant works with high-speed partners and top-flight suppliers, to provide and guarantee their customers a wide range of products including drinks, salads, among other culinary items. Restaurant Services and professional employees are capable of leading the restaurant to success in South Miami market. The restaurant operates at varied times in different days of the week and makes to be reliable for all categories of customers. Form Monday to Wednesday and Sunday, the restaurant opens from eleven in the morning to eleven at night. On Thursday, the restaurant operates until midnight. (100Montaditos, 2011) On Fridays and Saturdays, the restaurant extends its services to one in the morning from eleven in the morning. Ideally, 100 Montaditos is a good place for children since it is a place of moderate noise and provides its services in entirely in casual attires. The ambience of the restaurant is also casual. The restaurant offers its services to anyone, but does not have waiters or Wi-Fi system; also, it does not offer reservations or deliveries. Moreover, the restaurant is suitable for group meetings and it is a good place for dinner and lunch. Additionally, the restaurant has a garage as well as a wheelchair for persons with such special needs. 100 Montaditos offers drinks includin g soft drinks, wine and beer. The restaurant’s management accepts payments in cash and credit card terms. Finally, it has TV as a form of

Re-write lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Re-write - Lab Report Example Sand was already there in the can. A thermocouple sheath made of stainless steel was also introduced into it exactly quarter of an inch above the crucible’s base. The isolation was created with a glass fiber that decelerated the cooling process. The experiment used this time to note the data. He noticed the alteration of temperature with respect to time. Until the temperature of Tin reached 150C, temperature was noted several times at an interval of 5 seconds. 150C is essentially 10C above the freezing point of Tin. This was done so as to ensure that the thermocouple sheath does not get frozen. Once the data was completely collected, the Tin cooling curve was developed using the information of temperature versus time. Abstract This experiment was intended to find out Tin’s melting point for which, a ceramic crucible that contained Tin was heated in a furnace enough to get the temperature above Tin’s estimated melting point. The molten Tin was shifted to the coffe e can filled with sand. A thermocouple sheath was placed into the molten Tin and was isolated with a glass fiber. The cooling process was slowed down due to that and the experimenter noted the data meanwhile. Finally, with the help of data of temperature alteration with time, the Tin cooling curve was formulated.

Loan and International Best Practices Essay Example for Free

Loan and International Best Practices Essay A Non-performing asset (NPA) is defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and/or installment of principal has remained ‘past due’ for a specified period of time. Identification[edit] NPA is a classification used by financial institutions that refer to loans that are in jeopardy of default. Once the borrower has failed to make interest or principle payments for 90 days the loan is considered to be a non-performing asset. Non-performing assets are problematic for financial institutions since they depend on interest payments for income. Troublesome pressure from the economy can lead to a sharp increase in non-performing loans and often results in massive write-downs. With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it had been decided to adopt the ‘90 days’ overdue’ norm for identification of NPA, from the year ending March 31, 2004. Accordingly, with effect from March 31, 2004, a non-performing asset (NPA) is a loan or an advance where; Interest and/or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a term loan, The account remains ‘out of order’ for a period of more than 90 days, in respect of an Overdraft/Cash Credit (OD/CC). The bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted, Interest and/or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purposes, and Any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of other accounts. Non submission of Stock Statements for 3 Continuous Quarters in case of Cash Credit Facility. No active transactions in the account (Cash Credit/Over Draft/EPC/PCFC) for more than 90 days. Classification[edit] Banks are required to classify non-performing assets further into the following three categories based on the period for which the asset has remained non-performing and the realisability of the dues: Sub-standard assets: a sub standard asset is one which has been classified as NPA for a period not exceeding 12 months. Doubtful Assets: a doubtful asset is one which has remained NPA for a period exceeding 12 months. Loss assets: where loss has been identified by the bank, internal or external auditor or central bank inspectors but the amount has not been written off, wholly or partly. Sub-standard asset is the asset in which bank have to maintain 15% of its reserves. All those assets which are considered as non-performing for period of more than 12 months are called as Doubtful Assets. All those assets which cannot be recovered are called as Loss Assets.

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay Why are both nature and nurture important in perceptual development? How do both help a baby’s brain and sensory organs to develop?   The question of whether nature or nurture is more important in terms of perceptual development has bee long debated. In general, there are two theories that explain how humans develop these perceptions. The Nativists claim that our brains are built or hardwired to recognize certain stimuli by both design and construction. In contrast, an Empiricist would say that we learn through experience how to perceive things. There was an experiment done by Nativist researchers that sought to determine how very young mammals are able to perceive. The data concluded that early infants were able to perceive quite a lot before they really had a chance to learn anything. Gibson and Walk’s the â€Å"visual cliff† experiment was one such experiment, in this test both young animals and 6 month old human infants were taken to a side of a visual cliff, the test subjects would avoid the clearly deep drop. This indicated that children can perceive visual depth and that visual depth dominates even touch information. Additionally, studies have been done that show babies can recognize faces and that they often prefer the visual stimulation of carton faces as opposed to the same features arranged at random. In other tests it was shown that babies can also recognize whether or not and object is coming directly at their face or not. These experiments show that even the undeveloped infant brain has considerable capacity for perceptual capabilities. In contrast, several Empiricists experiments have been done as well. In one such study, scientists sought to determine the effects of depriving developing animals from perceptual stimulations. These tests have consistently shown that the longer the subject is deprived, the more severe the consequences. For example, humans are sometimes born without sight, due to a clouded cornea. Later in life some elect to have surgery to repair this clouded cornea. The result is sight, these people can see but they cannot perceive what it is that they see. As time goes on they slowly learn to distinguish one object from another, but this is however quite easily interrupted. Often changing an objects position or context is quite enough to slow down or prevent recognition. To conclude, although some argue that perception is due to nature, while others argue for nurture, it may in fact be that the two factors are interdependent and rely on each other. Support for this idea comes from an experiment that studied rats and found that those raised in a perceptually restricted environment had smaller brain development than those raised in an enriched environment, suggesting that while we are born with innate capabilities we need the environment to ensure we develop our abilities to perceive well. The perceptual capabilities we have at birth must be strengthened continuously through perceptual stimulation, furthermore, it would seem that perception in general follows the use it or lose it principle. Just as unused muscles become week, so to do our senses if left unused. Nature and nurture are both essential to health y perceptual development; stimulation begins in the womb and quickly follows all the way through adulthood. Sources . Nature and Nurture in Perceptual Development. . www.indiana.edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/natnurt.htm. . Experiencing Sensation and Perception. . physch.hanover.edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/sensation/chapters/Chapter 15.pdf. Arterberry, M. Perceptual Development. . Colby College. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http://www.elsevierdirect.com/brochures/Infant/PDFs/Perceptual development.pdf.

Nonverbal Communication In Social Psychology Psychology Essay

Nonverbal Communication In Social Psychology Psychology Essay The most important thing in communication is hearing what isnt said.- Peter F. Drucker cited in Goman,2008 page 1. This states that spoken language and non verbal signals need to simultaneously exist and interact with each other in order to give the receiver a fully understanding of what is been said. Non-verbal communication is the ability to transfer, receive and decode messages to one another without using spoken or written language instead we take a specific body posture or facial expression to denote a particular feeling or intention. Non-verbal behaviour can be both consciously and unconsciously (M .Argyle, 1988, page 4). Non-verbal behaviour became acknowledged in the social psychological field in 1872 by Charles Darwins work, where he suggested that high intelligence animals shared the same facial expressions with humans C.Darwin (1872 cited in P.Ekman,1973, pages 12,13). This essay will discuss the importance of non verbal communication in the social psychological field. There are different types of kinesics such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and body postures. It is said that the eyes are the most powerful means of communication we posses after words (G.R.Wainwright, 1985, page 5) that is because our eyes help us seek information, display attention and interest, show respect and provide feedback during speech Argyle (1965, cited in Wainwright, 1988 page 9). For example when people avoid looking others in the eyes, it seems that they are trying to hide something or that they are lying. Neuro-Linguistic Programming researchers, for several decades, believed that when a person looks up to their right corner of their eye they are more likely to be lying, whilst a glance up to their left it indicates that they are telling the truth. However, a later on study of two professors; R. Wiseman from  Edinburgh University and C. Watt from Hertfordshire University has shown that that theory was wrong; there was no evidence of a correlation betwe en lying and eye movements. (R. Wiseman, C. Watt et al. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7).Instead avoiding eye contact could clearly indicate nervousness or shyness. Moreover, in some countries eye contact signifies respect and straightforwardness whereas in others it is seen as rude and disrespectful; for instance in European cultures, a certain amount of eye contact is required, but too much makes many people uncomfortable. When greeting a Chinese, it is best to avoid prolonged eye contact as a sign of respect and deference (E. T. Hall, M. R. Hall, 1990,page 14). Furthermore, effectual eye contact is also a significant feedback machine that makes the speaking situation a double dissociation since it certifies that others are listening and that the listeners are appreciated for their attentiveness. (G. R. Wainwright,1985 , page 11) However, when people feel bored they usually do not make eye contact with the person they are talking to and may start searching for anything nearby to fidget with -th eir cell phone or objects around the room, for example. These actions are perceived as signs of boredom and lack of interest. (G. R. Wainwright, 1985, page 7) Closely relevant to eye contact are facial expressions which posses the most dominant and primary form of body language. Facial expressions must have obtained evolutionary importance; since it would have been evolutionary growth for our antecedents to have been chosen for biological reproduction and natural survival on account of their ability to make facial expressions C .Darwin (1872 cited in P .Ekman page 13). Additionally, it has been said that people can produce around 20000 different facial expressions Birdwhistell (1970 cited in Argyle,1988 page122). This mosaic of facial expressions is universal and sums up to six basic principles; happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise and when these fundamental emotions are mixed together they produce an array of expressions Ekman (1982 cited M. Argyle, 1988 pages 121,122). Furthermore, the importance of facial expressions is also shown by the ability that people have on making almost infallible critics about someones persona lity, intelligence, character in the first few minutes of meeting them (G. R. Wainwright, 1985, page 23). However, a psychologist had run an experiment, in which the subjects had to chose if that person in the picture was innocent or not, and found out that a significant number of people were biased to judge someone as a criminal by their facial features (G.R. Wainwright, 1985, page 27). In sequence of these findings it suggests that people sometimes misinterpret what they are seeing without having any specific evidence. Also, considering that facial expressions are tight together with emotions, sometimes they can be very similar with the attitudes that we give towards other people; voluntary and involuntary, paradigm being angry is an emotion, being angry towards someone is an interpersonal attitude(M.Argyle,1988, page 85) . Intermittently, people have to look back in order not to disobey that fine line between acceptable and unacceptable attitudes; for example liking and disliking someone are emotions although the expression of disliking someone is often restricted by social rules (M. Argyle, 1988, page 85).Furthermore, facial expressions are inevitable to occur thus at intervals they come in contrast of what is been felt and what their expressions demonstrate (M. Argyle, 1988, page 78,127 and G .R .Wainwright,1985, page 26) .Researches has shown that micromomentary expressions might be captured through cameras but are too emphemeral and momentary for most people to realize them; For example a person might say that they are happy to see someone and may even smile at them, but this false attitude may be showed by a micromomentary expression like disgust. (G .R .Wainwright, 1985, page 26) Another huge subdivision of Non-verbal Communication is gestures. Gestures include body movements that chaperon spoken language, especially with the use of hands; some of them are waving, pointing, using the fingers to indicate numerical amounts and are enormously substantial in the social psychological field since they give emphasis and interpret what is been said. A study has shown that most vocal conversations are accompanied, regulated and modulated by kinesics; like motion of the head, hands etc Bull and Conelli (1985, cited in M. Argyle ,1988 page 107) . Moreover, some gestures are known as illustrators of the verbal context because they imitate shapes, physical objects or movements. Dittman (1972) argued that illustrators appear at the establishment of a verbal conversation in order to manifest what will be contained in the verbal aspect. It was also verified by Butterworth and Beattie (1978) who their findings showed that gestures prefaced the phrase which was associated with them by an average of 800 milliseconds. Although, McNeil and Levy (1982) corralled otherwise, saying that illustrative gestures had the same possibility to happen prior of a phrase or later on (M .Argyle,1988, page 107). Furthermore, another research has demonstrated that emphasis can be denoted not only by the changes of pitch or loudness of someones voice but also by hand or head movements; Mehrabian (1972) had found that speakers who wanted to convince and allure the hearers used gestures and head-nods more frequently . However, Argyle (1983) disagreed with the above statement saying that the capital reason that the transmitter looks at the receiver is to collect information and reactions about what has just been said, in the form of head-nods, facial expressions ,gestures and so on (M.Argyle,1988,page 109).In addition, gestures are not universal, they are culture specific, and can have an entirely different meaning from one culture to another ; so giving a thumbs-up or a peace sign might mean a greeting for some countries and some others might take it as highly offensive signs Morris (1979 cited in Wainwright,1985 page 45). Last but not least, another research has shown that people are perceived as more active, warm and acceptable when they tend to use more nonverbal movements than the ones that use less; those are seen as more logical, cold and analytic (G.R. Wainwright,1985 page 48,49) In conclusion, non verbal communication in some purposes is more powerful and consequential than verbal language itself mostly because it can take different forms; such as gestures, eye contact, facial expressions. That illustrates emotions and attitudes to other people without using any verbal communication. (M. Argyle, 1988 page 308). It is evident that most communication happens without speech and that the spoken part of conversation is actually much less than we think (M.Argyle, 1988,page 1). When verbal and non-verbal communication blend together, the second one might either strengthen or curve the prior one (M. Argyle, 1988,page 106).

The Very Idea of Humanity :: Philosophy Papers

The Very Idea of Humanity Why should we believe in such a thing as humanity? Should we accept appearances or take authority as our guide? Should we point to some pragmatic advantage to be gained by believing it, or is there proof? Philosophy offers such proof, contained in the dream hypothesis of the Buddha and Plato (and, more famously, Descartes). The dream hypothesis reveals our common ground. It refers to a familiar experience in terms of which young people of every time and place can understand why routine, authority, definition and first principle, category, criterion, perception and paradigm might fail. But the dream hypothesis is about the transition from sleeping to waking. As familiar, this transition is an excellent device for teaching that similar transitions can happen to one who is already awake. The dream hypothesis is about the soul, and the capacity to choose not only one's actions but also one's contexts. On the eve of the new millennium, we face responsibility for the results of our routine s. The dream hypothesis promises to awaken a taste for foresight and negotiation. When we all understand the dream hypothesis, we will no longer worship our routines, but will be better judges of their utility. We will stand together when we transcend our cultures and recognize the capacity of all citizens of every nation, tribe, and culture to grow, that is, when we awaken to the possibility of waking up. This is a plea for the dream hypothesis-a sales pitch, if you will. We are here under the banner, "Philosophy Educating Humanity." If philosophy is to educate humanity, the dream hypothesis will help prove to people of all tribes that there is such a thing as humanity. The dream hypothesis will introduce every child to its own humanity, but it will also introduce every child to the humanity of others. The dream hypothesis will increase the number of fully-functioning souls, that is to say, beings with the capacity to decide rationally what game to play, what interpretation to accept, what routine to follow. According to some philosophers, the dream hypothesis is at best useless. Russell said as much in Problems of Philosophy: There is no logical impossibility in the supposition that the whole of life is a dream, in which we ourselves create all the objects that come before us. But although this is not logically impossible, there is no reason whatever to

Oppression in Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Essay -- Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers A

Oppression in Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Composed in three carefully rhymed stanzas, the poem can firstly seem an homage to the speaker’s skills in stitching a panel with tigers. However, a detailed reading reveals images and symbols that suggest a relation of oppression concerning Aunt Jennifer and her husband. The tigers of Aunt Jennifer’s stitchings are representative of her free spirit, how she pines for freedom from her burdensome husband. The â€Å"bright topaz denizens of green† evokes the mental image of majestic tigers not bound by the whims of another being. They do not â€Å"fear the men below the tree,† something that Aunt Jennifer cannot do in her miserable reality because of her oppressor’s looming presence. She produces her tigers under his control, represented by "The massive weight of Uncle's wedding band [that] / Sits heavily upon [her] hand." Physically a wedding ring is light, but this one has a "massive weight" heavily sitting on her hand. These images construct an opposition between the couple: as a woman she has a creative force, but her husband, represen...

The Chosen Essay -- essays research papers

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok Friendship While many obstacles get in the way of friendship, true friendship still lives, even in silence. In the book, The Chosen , By Chaim Potok, two boys, Reuven Malter and Danny Saunders, who are very religiously different and both raised in completely opposite ways, develops a deep friendship. Their friendship opens up their worldview to many other different viewpoints in life. The friendship between these two boys is one with great religious significance, starting off with destiny and Gods will. As Danny and Reuven’s Friendship develops, it teaches them to respond wisely to the values of the more complex and secular world. It also teaches the true value of friendship. Because Danny’s father, Reb Saunders, raised Danny in silence, Danny and Reuven’s relationship was also a way that Reb Saunders could talk to his son, through Reuven. There friendship grows and they become closer and closer. Many things were pushing Danny and Reuven to become friends at first, but after being open to the fact of a friendship, they instantly became friends and it was easy for them to discuss there activities, desires and their fears. The two boy’s initial distrust and hatred for each other still didn’t make it hard for them to talk, the talked with comfort and no fear â€Å"Yesterday I had hated him; now we are calling each other by our first names. I sat and listened to him talk. I was fascinated just listening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 68) Even though there friendship started off with hatred after talking, they got to know each other. They shared their goals, dreams, their education and their families with each other freely. Mr. Malter, Reuven’s father, tells Reuven what a friend is defined as, and tells Reuven to give Danny a chance to get to know him better, because Danny needs him. â€Å"You Know what a friend is Reuven? A Greek philosopher said that two people who are friends are like two bodies with one soul† (pg 74) The Differences between these boys are what set them apart, but when they finally talked, under the instructions of their fathers, they developed a strong connection which later on led to a deep friendship. After Reuven Rejected Danny for what he did to him, Mr. Malter tells Reuven a little bit about who Danny is, and why he needs a friend like Reuven. â€Å"Reb Saunders son is a terribly torn and lonely boy, there is literally no one in the world he can... ...xactly get in the way, but it helped build their friendship. Danny and Reuven became more comfortable with who they are and with each other. After Danny and Reuven’s hate for each other, many things pushed them to become friends and not only Danny and Reuven needed each other to go into a relationship, but their parents needed them too. There friendship was undeniable. Even after there friendship was banned, they became silenced, but lived on. It was hard, but because of there true friendship, when there relationship was renewed and the banned was lifted, they became stronger than ever. There friendship helped each other live their lives and make choices that were from there own heart, and not the heart of there parents or community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This topic shows us that even though it doesn’t always seem likely that a person needs a friend, some people need someone to talk to or someone to help them open up and to be revealed to a whole new life. We should learn by this topic that our friends shouldn’t always be clones of ourselves and we should be listening and helping our friends. Even through the toughest times, through silence, true friendships always last.

Evaluate This Case Using the Three Elements

MGMT 325 â€Å"Will Technology Save the Publishing Industry† pg 104. September 16, 2012 Case Study Questions 1. Evaluate the impact of the Internet on newspaper and book publishers using the value chain and competitive forces models. The publishing industry has been hit hard by new market entrants and substitute products and services. Newspapers are the most troubled segment of the publishing industry because of the availability of alternatives and publishers’ inability to protect their content. Traditional print newspapers can’t match the ease of use and immediacy of online papers.It’s also much more expensive to print and distribute traditional newspapers adding to publishers’ overhead costs. Many of the traditional newspapers’ primary activities are expensive while those activities don’t necessarily exist for online newspapers; obtaining paper, maintaining printing press equipment, distributing print papers, gathering old papers, co llecting fees, etc. Online news sites don’t have any of those expenses or processes to deal with. Traditional book publishers are facing similar situations from substitute products and services and new market entrants.Many brick-and-mortar bookstores have closed for two main reasons: online sales and new electronic downloads to e-readers and smartphones. As with newspapers, online book sellers and e-books don’t have all the overhead costs of traditional book stores and publishers nor all the processes to get products to customers. 2. How are newspapers and book publishers changing their business models to deal with the Internet and e-book technology? Online newspapers are pursuing more online advertising dollars and partnering with Google and Yahoo to share revenue from advertising.Some news sites charge fees for newspaper content delivered to new reading devices. Another option is for news sites to charge fees for â€Å"premium† news and opinion. Because advert ising remains a major source of revenue, the newspapers must grow their online revenue fast enough to offset their losses from print advertising. Internet advertising ranks second only to television for ad spending. E-books have become a new channel for book content distribution. Sales are skyrocketing thanks to the popularity of Amazon’s Kindle e-book reader and the iPad.Publishing companies have begun investing more resources in the Kindle and iPad as delivery platforms for their books and less money in traditional delivery platforms like print news and bound books. Textbook publishers are working on iPad versions of their offerings; newspapers have apps out for the iPad and offer Kindle subscriptions to readers; and major publishers are contracting with software companies to convert existing files to e-reader compatible products. 3. How can newspaper and book publishers take better advantage of the Internet? What will it take for them to benefit from e-books?Explain your a nswer. Book publishers are on the right track by investing more resources in the Kindle and iPad as delivery platforms for their books and less money in traditional delivery platforms like print news and bound books. Apple announced in February 2011 that it would receive a 30 percent fee for each sale of digital content sold through its App Store. Apple also prohibited app developers from placing links to external Web sites within their apps, effectively preventing these developers from guiding their app users to product offerings that would not be subject to Apple’s fees.Apple also plans to prevent publishers and other content providers from receiving data about their iPad customers unless customers give permission beforehand. Publishing companies have strenuously objected, arguing that they need this information to successfully market and advertise their products. Apple says the rule protects the privacy of iPad owners. While Apple’s policies may protect iPad owner p rivacy, they also work against publishers who need data and information about products to effectively continue developing products customers want.Apple’s policies also put too much power in one company’s hands and prohibit the free flow of products, data, and information. Google, on the other hand, hopes to offer a more â€Å"open† model that allows readers to access books using any Web browser. Its advantage is that it is not tied down to any individual device. That gives an advantage to readers and to publishers who can access data and information and understand the marketplace better. The model also gives Google a much larger reach in the marketplace.And, instead of just e-reader users, Google’s target audience will be the 190 million monthly Internet users in the United States. 4. Will technology be able to save the newspaper and book publishing industries? Explain your answer. Technology does hold the possibility of saving newspaper and book publishi ng industries, but only if those industries continue to change and modify their business models. Newspapers must continue to move away from print and more toward online content, changing the way they provide customers with information. They cannot continue to rely on old methods hoping online content will go away.The same can be said in regards to book publishers. They must continue to evolve their products, taking advantage of the cost-savings that comes with digital versions of their books. They must continue to pressure those companies who want to control the â€Å"channel† like Apple and insist on being a central part of how content is delivered and at what price. Publishers can and should offer promotional items and events in e-books and news sites that are not possible in print versions, including interactive items like coupons, contests, and access to additional content.References Burrell, I. (n. d. ). Can Apple save the newspaper industry? – Technology & Gadget s, Life & Style – Belfasttelegraph. co. uk. Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK, World, News, Business, Entertainment , BelfastTelegraph. co. uk. Retrieved September 16, 2012, from http://www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk/lifestyle/technology-gadgets/can-apple-save-the-newspaper-industry-14648806. html Kibee, J. (n. d. ). THE WORLD WIDE WEB AS AN INFORMATION RESOURCE:. welcome. html. Retrieved September 16, 2012, from http://web. simmons. edu/~chen/nit/NIT'96/96-151-Kibbee. tml Larson, C. (n. d. ). Online Book Publisher: Advantages of Online Publishing . internet . Retrieved September 16, 2012, from http://internet. ezinemark. com/online-book-publisher-advantages-of-online-publishing-7d35fbe9e846. html Laudon, K. C. (2013). Essentials of management information systems (Global ed of 10th rev. ed. ). Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.. Turning the Page The Future of eBooks. (n. d. ). http://www. pwc. com. Retrieved September 16, 2012, from www. pwc. com/en_GX/gx/entertainment-media/pdf/eBook s-Trends-Developments. pdf

Compare the representations of Frankenstein Essay

Compare the representations of Frankenstein in Branagh’s Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the 1931 film Frankenstein directed by James Whale Language- 1931: Camera –   Close ups are not used on Frankenstein as Branagh wants people to wonder what he looks like. There are lots of pans to show the set and the people there.   There is a close up on the monsters hand when it is twitching. There aren’t many edits which makes it boring and not very interesting. Sound –   Diegetic sound is the machines, Frankenstein shouting, noise of the monster being taken up. Non-diegetic sound is the thunder; there is no music at all in the extract. Mise-en-scene –   Henry Frankenstein is wearing a lab coat/straight jacket, which gives the impression that he is crazy.   He has slicked back hair using hair oil.   The acting style is very over the top, like theatrical acting. Frankenstein is side lit, to make him look scared and horrified.   Overall the lighting is mostly by top lights and sometimes the lightening. 1994: Camera –   There are lots of frantic zooms, pans and also up and down shots, which makes the audience intimidated. The camera follows Frankenstein and shows his emotions/feelings.   The edits are very fast and unnoticeable, using cuts and jump cuts.   By making the editing quicker, this builds up the tension. Sound –   Diegetic sound are the chains, machines moving, bangs, slots into the body, the electricity sparks and also Frankenstein’s voice and movements.   Non – diegetic sound is the dramatic theme music, building up to create much more tension. Mise-en-scene –   Victor Frankenstein is dressed in trousers but with no top. However the monster is naked. Frankenstein’s hair is shoulder length, which is very messy and sweaty. The acting style is exciting and energetic but not mad.   Frankenstein is mainly lit on his upper body.   There are lots of side lights and candle light, however the room looks dark. Institutions – 1931:   In black and white.   Universal studios made the film, as they knew horror would be a big money spinner.   It was voted one of the best films of the year by New York Times. 1994:   It wasn’t as brand new as it was in 1931, as in 1994 many horror films had been out. The technology was much more advanced and a lot had changed from 1931, new ideas and there was a new effect on people. Audience – 1931: The big actor, Boris Karloff was used to attract the audiences.   People in 1931 were different to 1994, as it was all fresh and new to them.   Cinema was a get away for people.   Frankenstein was a big horror, and scared the audiences of its day.   The monster, which was thought as Frankenstein became a big horror icon, with a built up brow and a bolt through his neck. 1994: Kenneth Branagh and Robert de Niro were used to attract audiences. Horror films were the norm to people in 1994. They were a lot more sophisticated.   Money was much more wide-spread in 1994 but wasn’t as much in 1931. Representation – 1931: Frankenstein was dressed very much like a man in 1931.   His movements, delivery of the lines and his acting style is all over the top, like in the way of a theatre play. The light is normally based on the monster and when it’s on Frankenstein, the light would be on his upper body. The 1931 film changes Frankenstein’s name to Henry, rather than Victor The audience are supposed to react to Frankenstein in a scary way and that he comes across very mad. 1994:   Frankenstein dresses and looks very much like a man of the time that the novel was written.   His movements and acting style is energetic and exciting however doesn’t come across at all mad. The light is mainly based on Frankenstein’s upper body; the rest of the room is very dark.   The music interprets Frankenstein very well, as he is running around being busy. The music is a fast, dramatic orchestra. Frankenstein’s name stays the same as the novel, which is Victor.   The audience are supposed to think that Frankenstein is very involved with his work and wants to get it done to see the result.

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us Essay

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health Care in the United States â€Å"Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. † -C. S. Lewis (1898 – 1963) The issue of universal health care taking over the present health care system has become a heated topic all over America. With President Obama’s promise to pass a bill that will give government coverage to all Americans, most people were happy that health care would become more affordable for them. But is this the case? There has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this kind throughout the entire process, but the longer a bill stays in circulation the more time people have to form an opinion on the issue. With the law in effect now the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long run, and if there is any good to such a system. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. There have been many countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a public method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and also the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their ro ots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of Great Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the world’s largest publicly funded health service ever. As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of different trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the money is sent for certain types of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget. Green, did a report on the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that: â€Å"The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death rate from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked thirteenth out of the 15 countries studied. † There are many negative aspects of the NHS. There are stunning reports of people who didn’t get care, or who waited for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible thing that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting treatment. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is atrocious that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 years earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment within two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased because more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment falls again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is rationing care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only be bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. : â€Å"The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this way: if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. â€Å" All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to take with a tax credit for the money they paid to the official system, to purchase private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to acquire private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are important in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems Western health care systems are experiencing. This private plan is more expensive but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can buy (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever â€Å"premium add-ons they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the household of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows: à ¢â‚¬Å"Myth No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all â€Å"socialized medicine. † In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private. Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do – and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care – is another whopper. â€Å"In many developed countries,† Reid writes, â€Å"people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. † In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention: the delusion that countries with universal care â€Å"are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. † In fact, the opposite is true. America’s for-profit health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs: paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. â€Å"If a profit is to be made, you need a n army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down sick people,† says Reid. † Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. Under this law, provinces must ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria: The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all legal residents of the province must be covered. The fourth criterion is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility. This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system

Big Two-Hearted River Essay

Big Two-Hearted River is a two-part short story by Ernest Hemingway about a returning soldier’s fishing trip. The story is composed entirely out of description of what Nick Adams, the protagonist and only character in the story, is doing while on his fishing trip. Although it is not explicitly stated in the short story, it can be inferred that Nick Adams is a war veteran returning to his hometown to try to enjoy his life as he used to before the war. The story may seem nothing at first and may appear as mere descriptions of every action and thoughts of the character, but a closer look would reveal that the story is like an iceberg—hiding the majority of what the author is really trying to say. Deciphering the Story A good deal of reading between the lines would have to be done in interpreting Hemingway’s short story, for a casual, non-critical reader would not find any meaning in the narration of the story. The short story suffers from excessive amounts of description. Every detail of the environment and actions is described vividly. Hemingway does this so much in the story to the point that it almost gets boring. Yet, beneath the surface of the descriptions lies the story’s significance. The whole thing about describing in excess may have been intentional. Hemingway may have intended this to show how distracted the mind of Nick is—Nick is unable to focus on anything except to react on what is upon him. Probably, the only time when he has thought of an idea outside of fishing is when he recalls his memories of Hopkins. â€Å"He could remember an argument about it with Hopkins, but not which side he had taken† (Hemingway 4). The part where Nick thinks about Hopkins show clues that they have been to the war. â€Å"Hopkins went away when the telegram came. That was on the Black River. It took eight days for the telegram to reach him. Hopkins gave away his 22–caliber Colt automatic pistol to Nick† (Hemingway 5). The telegram that Hopkins received was probably a telegram saying that he has been drafted in the army, like most men of proper age during the war. Hopkins probably died in the war because they never saw him again. Symbolism in the story best describes the hidden meaning of the short story. The grasshoppers Nick found symbolize the soldiers and their condition during the war. â€Å"The grasshopper was black†¦They were all black†¦they had all turned black from living in the burned-over land (Hemingway 2). The black grasshoppers symbolize the soldiers who all wear the same uniform, and when they returned home, they either find out that their towns have been decimated or they have been permanently scarred by the traumas of the war, or if they are unlucky enough, both. Nick said to one of the grasshoppers clinging on to his sock, â€Å"Fly away somewhere† (Hemingway 2). It symbolizes what Nick is actually doing at the river—he is trying to escape the traumas of the war. One particular line in the story symbolizes the condition of the soldiers at war. â€Å"They flew when they hopped. At first they made one flight and stayed stiff when they landed, as though they were dead† (Hemingway 5). The grasshoppers represent the soldier—soldiers are flown in battle, but the horrors of war shock them. Conclusion The story appears to be nothing but a description of what a man is doing in his fishing trip, but like an ice berg, about 90% of its mass, or in this case, meaning, is not seen because it is hidden beneath the narration. Only moderate clues and close reading of the text would reveal the rest of story that gives it significance. Work Cited Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"The Big Two-Hearted River. † Olearyweb. com. 28 Apr. 2009 .

Hildegard Peplau - Theory of Interpersonal Relations Assignment

Hildegard Peplau - Theory of Interpersonal Relations - Assignment Example The theory highlights the roles played by nurses while providing relief to patients; these roles include the role of a stranger, the role of a person who owns and control resources, a person who provides counseling and lead individuals (Butts, 2011, p.271). The theory argues that there are four phases of interpersonal relationship through which nurses and patients pass through. These phases includes: in the first stage the problem experienced by patients is defined, in the next phase identification takes place, next alternatives for the solution of that problem are figured out, and lastly one of the selected alternatives is used to solve the problem (Meleis, 2011, p.633). All four metaparadigm concepts are involved in this theory; patient is the person who seeks to reduce the level of anxiety with the aid of nurse’s intrapersonal skills, environment is involved as the nurse takes into consideration the culture of the patient while conducting different roles, health of the pati ent is made better by counseling and the involved of nurse in the process is involved. This theory is applicable in all centers including practice, administration and education. This theory needs to be learned by nursing students so they can apply it during their practice as nurses experience patients with anxiety issues on day to day

Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Outsourcing - Essay Example This business format demands a website which enables Lisa and Mark to gather goods from manufacturers, for instance, Stu Rees, 37, who dwells in Santiago. Similar to Mark and Lisa, Stu Rees is an attorney with inclination and love for cartooning. He undertakes the outsourced designing for Billable Hours cards. The company also outsources some of its works to professionals in Greece and Canada very cheap rates. The company considered the option of outsourcing its job to online experts due to challenges of having permanently employed staffs. Allocation of jobs online is much quick and effortlessly manageable as compared to having permanent staff members. While most small business experience fluctuating income and are much more exposed to risks such loses. The company notes that outsourced jobs are effectively conducted delivered within the timeframe desirable to business conditions. Currently, Billable Hour is a small business that Lisa can manage singly, but even as it expands Lisa notes that would resist the test of hiring new workers due to: workers health benefits, state payroll taxes , compensation insurance and compliance work place requirements. The qualitative factors that have prompted the company to outsource its jobs originate from the employment challenges directed by the current policies on labor process in America. The hurdles are ritualistically high and cannot be adopted by emerging firms. Similarly, people growingly desire to be independent and managed own firms. This was triggered by the unexpected turn of events under which many people were rendered jobless after economic downfall. Uniquely, Billable Hour deals with soft copy goods that easily deliverable by internet technology. The internet infrastructure exposes it to a wide variety of market players that contribute hugely to the design and successful growth of the company. This model of outsourcing also ensures allocation only

Book Reeview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Book Reeview - Essay Example The second author, Stewart Emery, is renowned worldwide for his books and also as an excellent speaker and educator. Lastly, the third author of the book is Mark Thompson, who is well known for his keynotes in several of his writings and is also a venture capitalist (Porras, Emery & Thompson, 2007). Contextually, the objective of this paper is to review the book Success Built to Last: Creating a Life that Matters for better understanding and analysis. In this regard, the main ideas of the book are pointed out along with critical concepts. Moreover, the review also reveals the accuracy of the information that is written in the book. Based on these aspects of critical understanding, a conclusion is also drawn in the end. The book Success Built to Last: Creating a Life that Matters is written in the background of some of the largest organizations of the world and their success factors. It not only contains examples of big organizations but also adequate information about some of the small and medium-sized enterprises. Besides analyzing the business organizations, the book also contains the learning factors from some of the greatest personalities of the world. These personalities include Nelson Mandela, Richard Branson, several other renowned presidents of the past and some sports personalities. The book provides a clear understanding about the habits and key success factors that would support the individuals and organizations of the present day to lead to progress. The core objective of the book is to reveal these success factors of the renowned individuals and organizations of the past and present to help people of the modern day build organization in order to gain excellence. In the process of writ ing a book, the authors have extensively interviewed several world famous personalities to gain in-depth knowledge about their views regarding success Porras et al., 2007). The key concepts of the book are well defined through citation

Investment Finance-II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Investment Finance-II - Assignment Example Answer – 1: HPR, AAR and GAR The company selected for Part - A is AMP Ltd. It is a financial services company headquartered in Sydney, Australia. a) The monthly HPR (Holding Period Returns) can be calculated using the following formula: HPR = (end period value – initial value)/initial value The data for HPR is the adjusted close price of AMP Ltd starting from July 2013 to June 2015. The results of the calculation are summarized graphically below: Variance, standard deviation, maximum and minimum is calculated using the following formulas, Standard deviation = ; in excel, SD = stdev (array of numbers) Variance = (SD)2 Maximum = max (array of numbers) Minimum = min (array of numbers) The results of calculation is summarized and shown below:- The arithmetic average and geometric average of returns are calculated in excel using the functions AVERAGE (array of numbers) and GEOMEAN(array of numbers) and the results are shown below: d) Based on the given problem the number of shares bought are 11,055 as shown below The number of shares is calculated by diving available funds with adjusted close price Based on the given assumptions the total gain will be $ 23,598 as shown below

Marine Dolphins Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marine Dolphins - Research Paper Example Other dolphins have a varied diet that may include lobsters, crabs, squid, shrimps and fish. The dolphins bear live young ones and feed the young ones with milk. Many marine dolphins are facing extinction due to human activities, but some laws have been formulated to protect their existence (Nakamura 64). Types of Marine Dolphins The major types of marine dolphins are pacific bottlenose, rough-toothed, spotted dolphin and spinner dolphin. The bottlenose dolphins are the most famous of all cetacean species. The scientific name for bottlenose dolphin is Tursiops truncatus. Rough-toothed dolphin has vertical grooves that run from the gum line to the tip. The scientific name for rough-toothed dolphin is Steno bredanensis. Spotted dolphins are of smaller size than rough-toothed or bottlenose dolphins. They have a dark cape that extends from their forehead to the dorsal fin. The scientific name for spotted dolphin is Stenella attenuata. Spinner dolphins are smaller than the spotted dolphin s. The spinner dolphins got their name from their spinning behavior. Their scientific name is Stenella longirostris (Shirihai 77). Adaptations of Marine Dolphins Like other marine animals, dolphins have become adapted to the sea life. Anatomically, the bodies of the dolphins are streamlined to enable them to move more efficiently in the aquatic environment. The streamlined body ensures fast movement of the dolphins as it reduces the resistance of water when the dolphin is moving. The hind limbs of the dolphins have disappeared, and front limbs are developed into flippers (Gordon 26). This helps the dolphin in steering balance and changing direction. The dolphins have a powerful tail, which helps in propulsion. The speed under which the dolphins move at is closely related to the feeding habit of the dolphin. Research has shown that those dolphins that feed on slow moving prey do not exceed a speed of 10 mph. Other dolphins that feed on fast moving fish species usually attain a speed of up to 15 mph. In addition, dolphins have a smooth skin. The dolphin’s skin is thick, hairless and lacks glands. It is kept smooth by the constant slough and replacements. For example, the bottlenose dolphin replaces its outermost skin layer after every two hours. This smooth skin of the dolphin increases the speed at which the dolphin moves. Like other marine mammals, the dolphins have a thick layer of blubber below their skin. This layer of blubber is important since it insulates the dolphins against heat loss. The dolphins rely on their sense of hearing to detect any danger around them. The sense of hearing in dolphin is a very complicated behavior referred to as echolocation. Echolocation is where, a dolphin emits a series of split clicks by its blowhole focusing the sound to the melon and the melon directs the sound pulses in a directional beam. When the directed sound waves hit an object on its path, it is reflected back to the dolphin, and the dolphin detects an obst ruction ahead on its way. Through echolocation, a dolphin is capable of detecting the distance, size, shape and direction of movement of objects in water (Smolker 54). Factors Affecting Marine Dolphin Population Tuna and Dolphin Issue Dolphins and Tuna often swim together. The tuna tries to take advantage of food finding tactics of

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volcanoes and other Igneous Features - Essay Example The hanging wall slides going up past the footwall. The pushing forces that cause reserve faults are compressional which tries to thrust both the sides together. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall is the part that moves upward. Reverse faults are also occasionally called thrust faults. The term thrust fault is used to classify a fault with plates under the ocean. These kinds of faults can instigate more damage and destruction than strike-slips faults. The massive Sumatra earthquake in 2004, which cracked the biggest fault length of any documented earthquake, is an example of a reverse fault earthquake. The second type of fault is the normal fault, in which the pressure force that causes it is tension. The hanging wall moves downward as the footwall slides past it, going up. The forces that generate normal faults pull both sides apart, or extensional. Although it is termed a normal fault, a normal fault is not the most frequently occurring out of all the other types of faults. The term normal refers to the propensity for the movement of this type of fault to follow the direction of gravity. Examples of a normal fault are The Cabrillo Fault and The Great Rift Valley of Africa. Meanwhile, strike-slip faults have walls that instead of moving up or down move sideways. That is, the slide happens alongside the strike, unlike dip-slip faults, which occur up or down the dip. In these faults, the fault plane is typically vertical, thus, there are no hanging walls and footwalls. The pressure forces causing these faults are horizontal, moving both sides past each other. The San Andreas Fault that runs through California is an example of a strike-slip fault. The majority of mountain ranges on Earth have been formed because of the compression along or within tectonic plates. Massive areas of bedrock disintegrate into blocks by faults. Landforms such as mountains, ridges, hills, valleys and lakes are occasionally created when the

Identify an organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Identify an organisation - Essay Example As a result, ExxonMobil has benefit from suitable competitive advantages, in addition to market leadership. ExxonMobil is organized on a geographical level besides having an effective leadership and focus on the firm’s objectives. The organization of ExxonMobil is dependent on business services and geographical location. The firm has functional groups that are categorized into three crucial operating divisions. The three groups are the upstream, downstream and chemicals division (Coll, 2012). The upstream management level or division of the firm dominates the firm’s cash flow. This division accounts for 70 percent of ExxonMobil’s revenues. The upstream division is responsible for business activities such as oil exploration, extraction, shipping and wholesaling. These operations have their headquarters at Texas. The downstream operations oversee business activities such as marketing, refining and retailing. These operations are dependent on the firm’s Virgi nia operations. The chemical division oversees business activities that involve the production and use of chemicals in the operations of the firm. This division has its headquarters in Texas. ExxonMobil has over 82,000 employees located in different locations globally. These employees support the activities of the three organizational levels by ensuring that the organization achieves stability in operations. It is worth stating that ExxonMobil has different brands such as Exxon, Esso and Mobil. The firm also owns subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited and SeaRiver Maritime (Coll, 2012). ExxonMobil’s upstream division has operations such as â€Å"ExxonMobil Upstream Ventures, ExxonMobil Exploration Company, ExxonMobil Development Company, ExxonMobil Production Company, ExxonMobil Gas and Power Marketing Company and ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company† (ExxonMobil, 2013). Downstream operations are achieved by the activities of â€Å"Sea River Maritime, Lubricant & S pecialties Marketing Company, ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, ExxonMobil Fuels and International Marine Transportation† (ExxonMobil, 2013). Operations of the chemical division are achieved through the activities of ExxonMobil Chemical Company. Flat or Tall Organization According to the organizational structure used by ExxonMobil, and the firm’s website, ExxonMobil is a flat organization. This means that the firm provides effective communication and interactive platforms (Bhairaw & Manoj, 2012). At ExxonMobil, every employee, regardless of level, status or job description can approach anyone at the firm and ask questions or share perspectives. ExxonMobil has an informative atmosphere. The flat organizational structure is based on ExxonMobil’s hierarchical structure. This structure was important because it helped the group access one of the firm’s representatives. The representative helped in filling out t he survey form. Tall organizational structures rely on traditional corporate structures that have mid-base and upper management levels. Tall organizational structures feature complex hierarchies that lead to long management chains (Bhairaw & Manoj, 2012). As the organization expands, the management levels increase. Managers form numerous ranks that control reduced numbers of employees or areas of the organization. Flat organizational structures have minimum management levels